English
Aleksandr Dugin's Eurasianism is a geopolitical, cultural, and philosophical theory advocating for the establishment of a Eurasian geopolitical bloc as an alternative to Western domination. This ideology merges traditional, spiritual, and nationalist elements, grounded in the vision of a multipolar global order.
• Context and Foundations of Eurasianism
Historical Origins:
Roots: Eurasianism traces back to the thinking of Russian intellectuals from the post-revolutionary diaspora (e.g., Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Pyotr Savitsky) in the 1920s. These thinkers viewed Russia as a bridge between Europe and Asia.
Dugin's Reformulation: Starting in the 1990s, Dugin modernized and expanded these ideas, making them relevant to contemporary geopolitical contexts.
• Key Foundations of Dugin's Eurasianism:
Opposition to Western Globalism: Views globalization as a form of Western cultural and economic imperialism driven by the U.S. and its allies.
Multipolarity: Proposes a multipolar world order based on sovereign regional blocs as an alternative to Western hegemony.
Geopolitics as a Central Discipline: Eurasianism relies on geopolitical theories of space, contrasting a land-based civilization (Eurasia) with a maritime civilization (the West).
• Core Pillars of Eurasianism
Geopolitical Pillars
Theory of Multipolarity:
- Advocates dividing the world into autonomous regional blocs (Eurasia, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America).
- Russia would lead the Eurasian bloc as a global pole of power.
The Eurasian Space: Eurasia is seen as a unique geopolitical space encompassing Russia, former Soviet republics, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. This bloc must remain independent from Western influence.
Clash of Civilizations:
- Eurasia: Represents a land-based civilization with traditional values, spirituality, and sovereignty.
- The West: Represents a maritime civilization associated with individualism, materialism, and liberalism.
• Ideological Dimensions
Criticism of Liberalism: Rejects Western liberalism as alienating, destructive to national identities, and a tool of global hegemony.
Eurasianist Alternative:
Promotes an ideology based on:
• Cultural and Spiritual Dimensions
Russian Orthodoxy as a Foundation: Orthodox spirituality is a core component of Eurasian identity.
Universal Traditionalism: Integrates traditional values from other Eurasian religions (e.g., Islam, Buddhism) and cultures, promoting a pluralist model rooted in shared spiritual heritage.
Opposition to Western Modernity: Criticizes Western modernity for eroding spiritual and cultural values, advocating for a conservative postmodernism instead.
• Political and Economic Strategy
Political Integration of Eurasia
Formation of a Eurasian Empire:
- Proposes a supranational bloc under Russia's leadership, encompassing former Soviet territories and nations from Eastern Europe and Asia.
- This "empire" is envisioned as a unified political entity with shared goals and sovereignty over regional affairs.
Autonomy from the West: Advocates the establishment of independent political and legal systems across Eurasian states, free from Western influence or intervention.
• Economic Integration of Eurasia
Distributive Economy:
- Rejects global capitalism in favor of a regional economy emphasizing self-reliance (autarky) and economic cooperation among Eurasian states.
- Aims to build resilience against global economic systems dominated by Western powers.
Resource Control:
- Positions the Eurasian space as a resource-rich region (e.g., oil, gas, minerals) that must retain control over its natural wealth.
- This resource sovereignty is viewed as a foundation for economic independence and political power.
• Strategic Objectives of Eurasianism
Reconstruction of the Post-Soviet Space: Seeks to reassert Russian influence over former Soviet republics, fostering reintegration into a cohesive Eurasian bloc.
Counteracting NATO and the EU: Considers NATO and the European Union as tools of Western hegemony, aiming to weaken their influence in Eurasian territories.
Expansion into Eastern Europe: Identifies Eastern European countries, including Romania, as potential zones of influence, aiming to extend the bloc's reach further westward.
• Critiques and Controversies
Authoritarianism:
- Eurasianism is criticized for its authoritarian tendencies, emphasizing centralized leadership and suppressing political dissent.
- Critics argue it undermines democratic governance.
Historical Revisionism: Dugin is accused of justifying Russian territorial expansion, particularly in cases like the annexation of Crimea.
Incompatibility with Liberal Democracy: Eurasianism rejects Western liberal democratic values, drawing significant criticism from proponents of democracy and human rights.
Dugin's Eurasianism is an ideological and geopolitical vision that attempts to redefine the role of Russia and the Eurasian space in a multipolar world order. By promoting sovereignty, traditionalism, and interethnic solidarity, Dugin attempts to create an alternative to Western globalism, but his strategy raises numerous challenges and controversies regarding the economic, political, and cultural viability of such a project.
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